diff --git a/app/models/push/subscription.rb b/app/models/push/subscription.rb
index 0b273b563..afd417367 100644
--- a/app/models/push/subscription.rb
+++ b/app/models/push/subscription.rb
@@ -1,14 +1,54 @@
 class Push::Subscription < ApplicationRecord
+  PERMITTED_ENDPOINT_HOSTS = %w[
+    fcm.googleapis.com
+    updates.push.services.mozilla.com
+    web.push.apple.com
+    notify.windows.com
+  ].freeze
+
   belongs_to :account, default: -> { user.account }
   belongs_to :user
 
+  validates :endpoint, presence: true
+  validate :validate_endpoint_url
+
   def notification(**params)
     WebPush::Notification.new(
       **params,
       badge: user.notifications.unread.count,
       endpoint: endpoint,
+      endpoint_ip: resolved_endpoint_ip,
       p256dh_key: p256dh_key,
       auth_key: auth_key
     )
   end
+
+  def resolved_endpoint_ip
+    return @resolved_endpoint_ip if defined?(@resolved_endpoint_ip)
+    @resolved_endpoint_ip = SsrfProtection.resolve_public_ip(endpoint_uri&.host)
+  end
+
+  private
+    def endpoint_uri
+      @endpoint_uri ||= URI.parse(endpoint) if endpoint.present?
+    rescue URI::InvalidURIError
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def validate_endpoint_url
+      if endpoint_uri.nil?
+        errors.add(:endpoint, "is not a valid URL")
+      elsif endpoint_uri.scheme != "https"
+        errors.add(:endpoint, "must use HTTPS")
+      elsif !permitted_endpoint_host?
+        errors.add(:endpoint, "is not a permitted push service")
+      elsif resolved_endpoint_ip.nil?
+        errors.add(:endpoint, "resolves to a private or invalid IP address")
+      end
+    end
+
+    def permitted_endpoint_host?
+      host = endpoint_uri&.host&.downcase
+      PERMITTED_ENDPOINT_HOSTS.any? { |permitted| host&.end_with?(permitted) }
+    end
 end
diff --git a/app/models/ssrf_protection.rb b/app/models/ssrf_protection.rb
index f3df2511b..580d15713 100644
--- a/app/models/ssrf_protection.rb
+++ b/app/models/ssrf_protection.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@ module SsrfProtection
   DNS_RESOLUTION_TIMEOUT = 2
 
   DISALLOWED_IP_RANGES = [
-    IPAddr.new("0.0.0.0/8") # Broadcasts
+    IPAddr.new("0.0.0.0/8"),     # "This" network (RFC1700)
+    IPAddr.new("100.64.0.0/10"), # Carrier-grade NAT (RFC6598)
+    IPAddr.new("198.18.0.0/15")  # Benchmark testing (RFC2544)
   ].freeze
 
   def resolve_public_ip(hostname)
diff --git a/config/initializers/web_push.rb b/config/initializers/web_push.rb
index ac960468e..6914dae22 100644
--- a/config/initializers/web_push.rb
+++ b/config/initializers/web_push.rb
@@ -17,7 +17,15 @@ end
 
 module WebPush::PersistentRequest
   def perform
-    if @options[:connection]
+    endpoint_ip = @options[:endpoint_ip]
+
+    if endpoint_ip
+      http = Net::HTTP.new(uri.host, uri.port, ipaddr: endpoint_ip)
+      http.use_ssl = true
+      http.ssl_timeout = @options[:ssl_timeout] unless @options[:ssl_timeout].nil?
+      http.open_timeout = @options[:open_timeout] unless @options[:open_timeout].nil?
+      http.read_timeout = @options[:read_timeout] unless @options[:read_timeout].nil?
+    elsif @options[:connection]
       http = @options[:connection]
     else
       http = Net::HTTP.new(uri.host, uri.port, *proxy_options)
diff --git a/lib/web_push/notification.rb b/lib/web_push/notification.rb
index d2865ff46..4c873fb48 100644
--- a/lib/web_push/notification.rb
+++ b/lib/web_push/notification.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 class WebPush::Notification
-  def initialize(title:, body:, path:, badge:, endpoint:, p256dh_key:, auth_key:)
+  def initialize(title:, body:, path:, badge:, endpoint:, endpoint_ip:, p256dh_key:, auth_key:)
     @title, @body, @path, @badge = title, body, path, badge
-    @endpoint, @p256dh_key, @auth_key = endpoint, p256dh_key, auth_key
+    @endpoint, @endpoint_ip, @p256dh_key, @auth_key = endpoint, endpoint_ip, p256dh_key, auth_key
   end
 
   def deliver(connection: nil)
     WebPush.payload_send \
       message: encoded_message,
-      endpoint: @endpoint, p256dh: @p256dh_key, auth: @auth_key,
+      endpoint: @endpoint, endpoint_ip: @endpoint_ip, p256dh: @p256dh_key, auth: @auth_key,
       vapid: vapid_identification,
       connection: connection,
       urgency: "high"
diff --git a/test/controllers/users/push_subscriptions_controller_test.rb b/test/controllers/users/push_subscriptions_controller_test.rb
index 9c77dec9d..c41d8313e 100644
--- a/test/controllers/users/push_subscriptions_controller_test.rb
+++ b/test/controllers/users/push_subscriptions_controller_test.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
 require "test_helper"
 
 class Users::PushSubscriptionsControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  PUBLIC_TEST_IP = "142.250.185.206"
+
   setup do
     sign_in_as :david
+    stub_dns_resolution(PUBLIC_TEST_IP)
   end
 
   test "create new push subscription" do
-    subscription_params = { "endpoint" => "https://apple", "p256dh_key" => "123", "auth_key" => "456" }
+    subscription_params = { "endpoint" => "https://fcm.googleapis.com/fcm/send/abc123", "p256dh_key" => "123", "auth_key" => "456" }
 
     post user_push_subscriptions_path(users(:david)),
       params: { push_subscription: subscription_params }, headers: { "HTTP_USER_AGENT" => "Mozilla/5.0" }
@@ -19,7 +22,7 @@ class Users::PushSubscriptionsControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   test "touch existing subscription" do
     existing_subscription = users(:david).push_subscriptions.create!(
-      endpoint: "https://apple",
+      endpoint: "https://fcm.googleapis.com/fcm/send/abc123",
       p256dh_key: "123",
       auth_key: "456"
     )
@@ -37,7 +40,7 @@ class Users::PushSubscriptionsControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   test "destroy a push subscription" do
     subscription = users(:david).push_subscriptions.create!(
-      endpoint: "https://apple",
+      endpoint: "https://fcm.googleapis.com/fcm/send/abc123",
       p256dh_key: "123",
       auth_key: "456"
     )
@@ -47,4 +50,35 @@ class Users::PushSubscriptionsControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       assert_redirected_to user_push_subscriptions_path(users(:david))
     end
   end
+
+  test "rejects subscription with non-permitted endpoint" do
+    subscription_params = { "endpoint" => "https://attacker.example.com/steal", "p256dh_key" => "123", "auth_key" => "456" }
+
+    assert_no_difference -> { Push::Subscription.count } do
+      post user_push_subscriptions_path(users(:david)),
+        params: { push_subscription: subscription_params }
+    end
+
+    assert_response :unprocessable_entity
+  end
+
+  test "rejects subscription with endpoint resolving to private IP" do
+    stub_dns_resolution("192.168.1.1")
+
+    subscription_params = { "endpoint" => "https://fcm.googleapis.com/fcm/send/abc123", "p256dh_key" => "123", "auth_key" => "456" }
+
+    assert_no_difference -> { Push::Subscription.count } do
+      post user_push_subscriptions_path(users(:david)),
+        params: { push_subscription: subscription_params }
+    end
+
+    assert_response :unprocessable_entity
+  end
+
+  private
+    def stub_dns_resolution(*ips)
+      dns_mock = mock("dns")
+      dns_mock.stubs(:each_address).multiple_yields(*ips)
+      Resolv::DNS.stubs(:open).yields(dns_mock)
+    end
 end
diff --git a/test/models/push/subscription_test.rb b/test/models/push/subscription_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9f4650614
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/models/push/subscription_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+require "test_helper"
+
+class Push::SubscriptionTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  PUBLIC_TEST_IP = "142.250.185.206" # google.com IP
+
+  setup do
+    stub_dns_resolution(PUBLIC_TEST_IP)
+  end
+
+  test "valid subscription with permitted endpoint" do
+    subscription = Push::Subscription.new(
+      user: users(:david),
+      endpoint: "https://fcm.googleapis.com/fcm/send/abc123",
+      p256dh_key: "test_key",
+      auth_key: "test_auth"
+    )
+
+    assert subscription.valid?
+  end
+
+  test "rejects endpoint with non-https scheme" do
+    subscription = Push::Subscription.new(
+      user: users(:david),
+      endpoint: "http://fcm.googleapis.com/fcm/send/abc123",
+      p256dh_key: "test_key",
+      auth_key: "test_auth"
+    )
+
+    assert_not subscription.valid?
+    assert_includes subscription.errors[:endpoint], "must use HTTPS"
+  end
+
+  test "rejects endpoint with non-permitted host" do
+    subscription = Push::Subscription.new(
+      user: users(:david),
+      endpoint: "https://attacker.example.com/webhook",
+      p256dh_key: "test_key",
+      auth_key: "test_auth"
+    )
+
+    assert_not subscription.valid?
+    assert_includes subscription.errors[:endpoint], "is not a permitted push service"
+  end
+
+  test "rejects endpoint that resolves to private IP" do
+    stub_dns_resolution("192.168.1.1")
+
+    subscription = Push::Subscription.new(
+      user: users(:david),
+      endpoint: "https://fcm.googleapis.com/fcm/send/abc123",
+      p256dh_key: "test_key",
+      auth_key: "test_auth"
+    )
+
+    assert_not subscription.valid?
+    assert_includes subscription.errors[:endpoint], "resolves to a private or invalid IP address"
+  end
+
+  test "rejects endpoint that resolves to loopback IP" do
+    stub_dns_resolution("127.0.0.1")
+
+    subscription = Push::Subscription.new(
+      user: users(:david),
+      endpoint: "https://fcm.googleapis.com/fcm/send/abc123",
+      p256dh_key: "test_key",
+      auth_key: "test_auth"
+    )
+
+    assert_not subscription.valid?
+    assert_includes subscription.errors[:endpoint], "resolves to a private or invalid IP address"
+  end
+
+  test "rejects endpoint that resolves to link-local IP (AWS IMDS)" do
+    stub_dns_resolution("169.254.169.254")
+
+    subscription = Push::Subscription.new(
+      user: users(:david),
+      endpoint: "https://fcm.googleapis.com/fcm/send/abc123",
+      p256dh_key: "test_key",
+      auth_key: "test_auth"
+    )
+
+    assert_not subscription.valid?
+    assert_includes subscription.errors[:endpoint], "resolves to a private or invalid IP address"
+  end
+
+  test "resolved_endpoint_ip returns pinned public IP" do
+    subscription = Push::Subscription.new(
+      user: users(:david),
+      endpoint: "https://fcm.googleapis.com/fcm/send/abc123",
+      p256dh_key: "test_key",
+      auth_key: "test_auth"
+    )
+
+    assert_equal PUBLIC_TEST_IP, subscription.resolved_endpoint_ip
+  end
+
+  test "accepts all permitted push service domains" do
+    permitted_endpoints = [
+      "https://fcm.googleapis.com/fcm/send/token123",
+      "https://updates.push.services.mozilla.com/wpush/v2/token123",
+      "https://web.push.apple.com/QaBC123",
+      "https://wns2-db5p.notify.windows.com/w/?token=abc123"
+    ]
+
+    permitted_endpoints.each do |endpoint|
+      subscription = Push::Subscription.new(
+        user: users(:david),
+        endpoint: endpoint,
+        p256dh_key: "test_key",
+        auth_key: "test_auth"
+      )
+
+      assert subscription.valid?, "Expected #{endpoint} to be valid, got errors: #{subscription.errors.full_messages}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+    def stub_dns_resolution(*ips)
+      dns_mock = mock("dns")
+      dns_mock.stubs(:each_address).multiple_yields(*ips)
+      Resolv::DNS.stubs(:open).yields(dns_mock)
+    end
+end
diff --git a/test/models/ssrf_protection_test.rb b/test/models/ssrf_protection_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d56f7390a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/models/ssrf_protection_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+require "test_helper"
+
+class SsrfProtectionTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test "blocks loopback addresses" do
+    stub_dns_resolution("127.0.0.1")
+    assert_nil SsrfProtection.resolve_public_ip("localhost")
+  end
+
+  test "blocks private 10.x.x.x addresses" do
+    stub_dns_resolution("10.0.0.1")
+    assert_nil SsrfProtection.resolve_public_ip("internal.example.com")
+  end
+
+  test "blocks private 172.16.x.x addresses" do
+    stub_dns_resolution("172.16.0.1")
+    assert_nil SsrfProtection.resolve_public_ip("internal.example.com")
+  end
+
+  test "blocks private 192.168.x.x addresses" do
+    stub_dns_resolution("192.168.1.1")
+    assert_nil SsrfProtection.resolve_public_ip("internal.example.com")
+  end
+
+  test "blocks link-local addresses (AWS metadata endpoint)" do
+    stub_dns_resolution("169.254.169.254")
+    assert_nil SsrfProtection.resolve_public_ip("metadata.example.com")
+  end
+
+  test "blocks carrier-grade NAT addresses" do
+    stub_dns_resolution("100.64.0.1")
+    assert_nil SsrfProtection.resolve_public_ip("cgnat.example.com")
+  end
+
+  test "blocks benchmark testing addresses" do
+    stub_dns_resolution("198.18.0.1")
+    assert_nil SsrfProtection.resolve_public_ip("benchmark.example.com")
+  end
+
+  test "blocks broadcast addresses" do
+    stub_dns_resolution("0.0.0.1")
+    assert_nil SsrfProtection.resolve_public_ip("broadcast.example.com")
+  end
+
+  test "allows public addresses" do
+    stub_dns_resolution("93.184.216.34")
+    assert_equal "93.184.216.34", SsrfProtection.resolve_public_ip("example.com")
+  end
+
+  test "returns first public IP when multiple addresses resolve" do
+    stub_dns_resolution("10.0.0.1", "93.184.216.34", "192.168.1.1")
+    assert_equal "93.184.216.34", SsrfProtection.resolve_public_ip("multi.example.com")
+  end
+
+  private
+    def stub_dns_resolution(*ips)
+      dns_mock = mock("dns")
+      dns_mock.stubs(:each_address).multiple_yields(*ips)
+      Resolv::DNS.stubs(:open).yields(dns_mock)
+    end
+end