diff --git a/app/channels/application_cable/connection.rb b/app/channels/application_cable/connection.rb
index 749265c23..383926dfc 100644
--- a/app/channels/application_cable/connection.rb
+++ b/app/channels/application_cable/connection.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 module ApplicationCable
   class Connection < ActionCable::Connection::Base
-    include Authentication::SessionLookup
-
     identified_by :current_user
 
     def connect
@@ -10,11 +8,17 @@ module ApplicationCable
 
     private
       def find_verified_user
-        if verified_session = find_session_by_cookie
-          verified_session.user
+        if session = find_session_by_cookie
+          session.user
         else
           reject_unauthorized_connection
         end
       end
+
+      def find_session_by_cookie
+        if token = cookies.signed[:session_token]
+          Session.find_signed(token)
+        end
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/app/controllers/concerns/authentication.rb b/app/controllers/concerns/authentication.rb
index 1a0d6f376..0d9ed45a4 100644
--- a/app/controllers/concerns/authentication.rb
+++ b/app/controllers/concerns/authentication.rb
@@ -1,80 +1,64 @@
 module Authentication
   extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-  include SessionLookup
 
   included do
     before_action :require_authentication
-    helper_method :signed_in?
-
-    protect_from_forgery with: :exception, unless: -> { authenticated_by.bot_key? }
+    helper_method :authenticated?
   end
 
   class_methods do
-    def require_unauthenticated_access(**options)
-      allow_unauthenticated_access **options
-      before_action :redirect_signed_in_user_to_root, **options
-    end
-
     def allow_unauthenticated_access(**options)
       skip_before_action :require_authentication, **options
-      before_action :restore_authentication, **options
+      before_action :resume_session, **options
     end
   end
 
   private
-    def signed_in?
-      Current.user.present?
+    def authenticated?
+      Current.session.present?
     end
 
     def require_authentication
-      restore_authentication || request_authentication
+      resume_session || request_authentication
     end
 
-    def restore_authentication
+
+    def resume_session
       if session = find_session_by_cookie
-        resume_session session
+        set_current_session session
       end
     end
 
+    def find_session_by_cookie
+      if token = cookies.signed[:session_token]
+        Session.find_signed(token)
+      end
+    end
+
+
     def request_authentication
       session[:return_to_after_authenticating] = request.url
       redirect_to new_session_url
     end
 
-    def redirect_signed_in_user_to_root
-      redirect_to root_url if signed_in?
-    end
-
-    def start_new_session_for(user)
-      user.sessions.start!(user_agent: request.user_agent, ip_address: request.remote_ip).tap do |session|
-        authenticated_as session
-      end
-    end
-
-    def resume_session(session)
-      session.resume user_agent: request.user_agent, ip_address: request.remote_ip
-      authenticated_as session
-    end
-
-    def authenticated_as(session)
-      Current.user = session.user
-      set_authenticated_by(:session)
-      cookies.signed.permanent[:session_token] = { value: session.token, httponly: true, same_site: :lax }
-    end
-
-    def post_authenticating_url
+    def after_authentication_url
       session.delete(:return_to_after_authenticating) || root_url
     end
 
-    def reset_authentication
+
+    def start_new_session_for(user)
+      user.sessions.create!(user_agent: request.user_agent, ip_address: request.remote_ip).tap do |session|
+        set_current_session session
+      end
+    end
+
+    def set_current_session(session)
+      Current.session = session
+      cookies.signed.permanent[:session_token] = { value: session.signed_id, httponly: true, same_site: :lax }
+    end
+
+    def terminate_session
+      Current.session.destroy
       cookies.delete(:session_token)
     end
-
-    def set_authenticated_by(method)
-      @authenticated_by = method.to_s.inquiry
-    end
-
-    def authenticated_by
-      @authenticated_by ||= "".inquiry
-    end
 end
diff --git a/app/controllers/sessions_controller.rb b/app/controllers/sessions_controller.rb
index b16c149f9..b50f0b23e 100644
--- a/app/controllers/sessions_controller.rb
+++ b/app/controllers/sessions_controller.rb
@@ -1,32 +1,21 @@
 class SessionsController < ApplicationController
   allow_unauthenticated_access only: %i[ new create ]
-  rate_limit to: 10, within: 3.minutes, only: :create, with: -> { render_rejection :too_many_requests }
+  rate_limit to: 10, within: 3.minutes, only: :create, with: -> { redirect_to new_session_url, alert: "Try again later." }
 
   def new
   end
 
   def create
-    if user = User.active.authenticate_by(user_params)
+    if user = User.authenticate_by(params.permit(:email_address, :password))
       start_new_session_for user
-      redirect_to post_authenticating_url
+      redirect_to after_authentication_url
     else
-      render_rejection :unauthorized
+      redirect_to new_session_url, alert: "Try another email address or password."
     end
   end
 
   def destroy
-    reset_authentication
-
-    redirect_to root_url
+    terminate_session
+    redirect_to new_session_url
   end
-
-  private
-    def user_params
-      params.require(:user).permit(:email_address, :password)
-    end
-
-    def render_rejection(status)
-      flash[:alert] = "Too many requests or unauthorized."
-      render :new, status: status
-    end
 end
diff --git a/app/models/current.rb b/app/models/current.rb
index 91419049e..2bef56dad 100644
--- a/app/models/current.rb
+++ b/app/models/current.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
 class Current < ActiveSupport::CurrentAttributes
-  attribute :user
-
-  def account
-    user.account
-  end
+  attribute :session
+  delegate :user, to: :session, allow_nil: true
 end
diff --git a/app/models/session.rb b/app/models/session.rb
index c70b6fa10..cf376fb28 100644
--- a/app/models/session.rb
+++ b/app/models/session.rb
@@ -1,19 +1,3 @@
 class Session < ApplicationRecord
-  ACTIVITY_REFRESH_RATE = 1.hour
-
-  has_secure_token
-
   belongs_to :user
-
-  before_create { self.last_active_at ||= Time.now }
-
-  def self.start!(user_agent:, ip_address:)
-    create! user_agent: user_agent, ip_address: ip_address
-  end
-
-  def resume(user_agent:, ip_address:)
-    if last_active_at.before?(ACTIVITY_REFRESH_RATE.ago)
-      update! user_agent: user_agent, ip_address: ip_address, last_active_at: Time.now
-    end
-  end
 end
diff --git a/app/models/user.rb b/app/models/user.rb
index feed3607f..a5379c86f 100644
--- a/app/models/user.rb
+++ b/app/models/user.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
 class User < ApplicationRecord
   belongs_to :account
-  has_many :sessions, dependent: :destroy
-  has_many :splats, dependent: :destroy
 
+  has_many :sessions, dependent: :destroy
   has_secure_password validations: false
 
-  scope :active, -> { where(active: true) }
+  has_many :splats, dependent: :destroy
 
-  def current?
-    self == Current.user
-  end
+  normalizes :email_address, with: ->(value) { value.strip.downcase }
 
   def initials
     name.scan(/\b\w/).join
@@ -24,6 +21,6 @@ class User < ApplicationRecord
 
   private
     def deactived_email_address
-      email_address&.gsub(/@/, "-deactivated-#{SecureRandom.uuid}@")
+      email_address.sub(/@/, "-deactivated-#{SecureRandom.uuid}@")
     end
 end
diff --git a/app/views/sessions/new.html.erb b/app/views/sessions/new.html.erb
index 67ee3d63c..18a37669a 100644
--- a/app/views/sessions/new.html.erb
+++ b/app/views/sessions/new.html.erb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 <% content_for(:title) { "Sign in" } %>
-<% turbo_page_requires_reload %>
 
 <div class="panel shadow center margin-block-double <%= "shake" if flash[:alert] %>" style="--panel-size: 40ch;">
   <%#= image_tag "blob.svg", class: "product__logo center colorize--black", size: 130 %>
@@ -12,7 +11,7 @@
 
   <h1 class="margin-none-block-start margin-block-end-double">Fizzy</h1>
 
-  <%= form_with model: User.new, url: session_path, class: "flex flex-column gap" do |form| %>
+  <%= form_with url: session_path, class: "flex flex-column gap" do |form| %>
     <div class="flex align-center gap">
       <%= translation_button(:email_address) %>
       <label class="flex align-center gap input input--actor txt-large">
diff --git a/db/migrate/20240820170703_remove_unnecessary_columns_from_sessions.rb b/db/migrate/20240820170703_remove_unnecessary_columns_from_sessions.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c339bd6fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db/migrate/20240820170703_remove_unnecessary_columns_from_sessions.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+class RemoveUnnecessaryColumnsFromSessions < ActiveRecord::Migration[8.0]
+  def change
+    change_table :sessions do |t|
+      t.remove :last_active_at
+      t.remove :token
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/db/schema.rb b/db/schema.rb
index b449e654c..1f711a99b 100644
--- a/db/schema.rb
+++ b/db/schema.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 #
 # It's strongly recommended that you check this file into your version control system.
 
-ActiveRecord::Schema[8.0].define(version: 2024_08_19_192804) do
+ActiveRecord::Schema[8.0].define(version: 2024_08_20_170703) do
   create_table "accounts", force: :cascade do |t|
     t.string "name", null: false
     t.datetime "created_at", null: false
@@ -52,13 +52,10 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema[8.0].define(version: 2024_08_19_192804) do
 
   create_table "sessions", force: :cascade do |t|
     t.integer "user_id", null: false
-    t.string "token", null: false
     t.string "ip_address"
     t.string "user_agent"
-    t.datetime "last_active_at", null: false
     t.datetime "created_at", null: false
     t.datetime "updated_at", null: false
-    t.index ["token"], name: "index_sessions_on_token", unique: true
     t.index ["user_id"], name: "index_sessions_on_user_id"
   end
 
diff --git a/test/controllers/sessions_controller_test.rb b/test/controllers/sessions_controller_test.rb
index 6cba0377e..444030a3a 100644
--- a/test/controllers/sessions_controller_test.rb
+++ b/test/controllers/sessions_controller_test.rb
@@ -9,36 +9,30 @@ class SessionsControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_response :success
   end
 
-  test "new denied with incompatible browser" do
+  test "new enforces browser compatibility" do
     get new_session_url, env: { "HTTP_USER_AGENT" => DISALLOWED_BROWSER }
     assert_select "svg", message: /Your browser is not supported/
-  end
 
-  test "new allowed with compatible browser" do
     get new_session_url, env: { "HTTP_USER_AGENT" => ALLOWED_BROWSER }
     assert_select "svg", text: /Your browser is not supported/, count: 0
   end
 
   test "create with valid credentials" do
-    post session_url, params: { user: { email_address: "david@37signals.com", password: "secret123456" } }
-
+    post session_url, params: { email_address: "david@37signals.com", password: "secret123456" }
     assert_redirected_to root_url
-    assert parsed_cookies.signed[:session_token]
+    assert cookies[:session_token].present?
   end
 
   test "create with invalid credentials" do
-    post session_url, params: { user: { email_address: "david@37signals.com", password: "wrong" } }
-
-    assert_response :unauthorized
-    assert_nil parsed_cookies.signed[:session_token]
+    post session_url, params: { email_address: "david@37signals.com", password: "wrong" }
+    assert_redirected_to new_session_url
+    assert_not cookies[:session_token].present?
   end
 
   test "destroy" do
     sign_in :kevin
-
     delete session_url
-
-    assert_redirected_to root_url
+    assert_redirected_to new_session_url
     assert_not cookies[:session_token].present?
   end
 end
diff --git a/test/test_helpers/session_test_helper.rb b/test/test_helpers/session_test_helper.rb
index 53f04d420..15e98587b 100644
--- a/test/test_helpers/session_test_helper.rb
+++ b/test/test_helpers/session_test_helper.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ module SessionTestHelper
 
   def sign_in(user)
     user = users(user) unless user.is_a? User
-    post session_url, params: { user: { email_address: user.email_address, password: "secret123456" } }
+    post session_url, params: { email_address: user.email_address, password: "secret123456" }
     assert cookies[:session_token].present?
   end